Background
The
Marine Corps War Memorial stands as a symbol of this grateful
Nation's esteem for the honored dead of the U.S. Marine
Corps. While the statue depicts one of the most famous incidents
of World War II, the memorial is dedicated to all Marines
who have given their lives in the defense of the United
States since 1775.
The small island of Iwo Jima lies 660 miles south of Tokyo.
One of its outstanding geographical features is Mount Suribachi,
an extinct volcano that forms the narrow southern tip of
the island and rises 550 feet to dominate the area. By February
1945, U.S. troops had recaptured most of the territory taken
by the Japanese in 1941 and 1942; still uncaptured was Iwo
Jima, which became a primary objective in American plans
to bring the Pacific campaign to a successful conclusion.
On the morning of February 19, 1945, the 4th and 5th Marine
Divisions invaded Iwo Jima after a somewhat ineffective
bombardment lasting 72 hours. The 28th Regiment, 5th Division,
was ordered to capture Mount Suribachi.
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It
was like shooting a football game. You never knew what you
got on film." . . .
Joe Rosenthal, Photographer
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They
reached the base of the mountain on the afternoon of February
21, and by nightfall the next day had almost completely
surrounded it. On the morning of February 23, Marines of
Company E, 2nd Battalion, started the tortuous climb up
the rough terrain to the top. At about 10:30 a.m., men all
over the island were thrilled by the sight of a small American
flag flying from atop Mount Suribachi.
That afternoon, when the slopes were clear of enemy resistance,
a second, larger flag was raised by five Marines and a Navy
hospital corpsman: Sgt. Michael Strank, Cpl. Harland
H. Block, Pfc. Franklin R. Sousley, Pfc. Rene A. Gagnon,
Pfc. Ira Hayes, and PhM. 2/c John H. Bradley, USN. News-photographer
Joe Rosenthal caught the afternoon flag raising in an inspiring
Pulitzer Prize winning photograph.
When
the picture was later released, sculptor Felix
W. de Weldon, then on duty with the U.S. Navy,
was so moved by the scene that he constructed
a scale model and then a life-size model of
it. Gagnon, Hayes, and Bradley, the three survivors
of the flag raising (the others having been
killed in later phases of the Iwo Jima battle),
posed for the sculptor who modeled their faces
in clay.
All
available pictures and physical statistics of
the three who had given their lives were collected
and then used in the modeling of their faces.
Once the statue was completed in plaster, it
was carefully disassembled and trucked to Brooklyn,
N.Y., for casting in bronze. The casting process,
which required the work of experienced artisans,
took nearly 3 years. After the parts had been
cast, cleaned, finished, and chased, they were
reassembled into approximately a dozen pieces--the
largest weighing more than 20 tons--and brought
back to Washington, D.C., by a three truck convoy.
Here they were bolted and welded together, and
the statue was treated with preservatives.
Erection
of the memorial, which was designed by Horace
W. Peaslee, was begun in September 1954. It
was officially dedicated by President Dwight
D. Eisenhower on November 10, 1954, the 179th
anniversary of the U.S. Marine Corps.
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Felix
de Weldon with survivors:
Rene Gagnon, Ira Hayes and John Bradley |
In
1999 for the 40th year anniversary of the unveiling
of the Iwo Jima War Memorial
Felix de Weldon gave the following speech
UNCOMMON
VALOR
Many
of you here are too young to remember, but there
are many more who will never forget. Occasionally,
in a man's life there comes a moment when ideas,
actions and attitudes gather, crystallize and
mark thereby a change. Few who witness such
moments comprehend this fully, it is the gift
of time to know that from that day the future
was different, irretrievably set in a new direction,
cast in a new concept of patriotism. Iwo Jima
was such a moment. Forty years ago this monument
was dedicated by president Eisenhower and the
Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Lemuel
Shepherd. I shall always be grateful to General
Shepherd for his enthusiastic leadership to
make this monument a success. I would like again
to express here my warmest gratitude to all
Marines and all of the other services who fought
in this war and who inspired me to make this
Iwo Jima statue in our Nation's Capital as a
witness to their glory.
This
memorial commemorates the brave deeds of the
Marines and their bitter fighting in so many
far away places. Where have any men done more
to deserve such love and admiration from all
of us? To put my true feelings into words would
be beyond my power of expression. A sculptor
does not work with words. His medium is bronze
or stone and through this medium, I have expressed
my true feelings for the Corps and for those
who died fighting with the Marines since 1775.
When I first worked on this original model,
you see here today it was my privilege to have
the three survivors of this historic event pose
for me. John Bradley, the Navy Corpsman was
still on crutches because of wounds he received
in the battle of Iwo Jima. I tried in every
way to achieve accuracy and realism in recreating
this epic. However, I tried to create something
more than a statue.
The
five Marines and one Navy Corpsman, who raised
the flag on Mt. Suribachi, Iwo Jima, were young
and strong. The youngest was 19, the oldest
25. They knowingly defied death and they, with
other fighting men everywhere, won a victory
against the greatest odds. The hands of these
men reaching out, symbolize the help so frequently
given to suffering peoples around the world.
A Spirit of Devotion for that which may be beyond
one's means to attain, needing assistance from
the Power Above, that Power which we all need
so much in times of adversity and without whose
guidance our efforts might well be fruitless.
Our cause is a just one and with God's help,
America can reach any goal her heart is set
upon to establish a lasting peace among all
nations. This memorial typifies the unsurpassed
gallantry of all Marines,who won our victories.
It symbolized sacrifices made throughout the
ranks of our fighting men. Three of these six
men, who raised the flag died in bitter combat.
Thousands like them in every theater of war
fell in defense of their country, in the belief
that this nation dedicated it's might to the
maintenance of peace and freedom for which they
gave their lives. There is very little we can
say to add to the glory of the Marines. All
we can hope for is that we shall deserve in
some small measure the sacrifices they made
and that our efforts will be worthy of theirs.
I do hope that this monument will serve as an
inspiration to all who pass. Today, man must
still wage a double fight; both his weapons
are in his brain: Intelligence, which protects
him and Moral Ambition, which guarantees evolution.
We
have seen that the human evolution in the moral
plane is more rapid than the biological evolution,
because tradition has superseded the other.
Education and instruction are the base of tradition.
It is therefore, through them we must act to
assume the distant, as well as the immediate
future. As one of the crucial problems, which
face us at the present time is to protect ourselves
from further attack, to protect our free civilization,
our ideals and beliefs against the threat of
destruction... Now we can more clearly see the
problems created by the aggressive nations.
The
Americans are a peace-loving people, but when
once aroused, they are a mighty moral and physical
force. It is not their love for the art of war
that has caused them to take up arms, it is
the impulse of Justice that is inherent among
all Americans. They feel the pulse of life itself.
They love the greater emotions that cause man
to meet danger face to face.
This
monument is to recognize that the Marines and
those, who fought at their side in all our wars,
and those, who have fallen, are remembered here
today, are citizens, as well as fighting men.
Citizens, who sacrificed their lives for what
they believed was the common good. Those beliefs
common to all who have died in our Nation's
wars, still live...even though the men do not.
The
dead were not responsible for winning or losing,
but for serving. That is what they did, some
with valor and others with reluctance, but all
with some sense of commitment to their country.
It is this commitment we honor here today. This
monument is dedicated to the heroic Marines,
who fought to victory with courage, endurance
and love of country. The glory is theirs...
It is my hope that this monument will remain
as a symbol, not only the bravery of our armed
forces, but of the relentless determination
of our people to defend freedom against those
who could deny the fundamental dignity of men.
This
flag, which we honor and under which we serve
is the emblem of our unity, our power, our thought
and purpose as a nation. It has no other character
than that which we give it from generation to
generation. The choices are ours. It floats
in majestic silence above the hosts that execute
those choices, whether in peace or war. And
yet, though silent, it speaks to us - speaks
to us of the past, of the men and women, who
went before us, and of the records they wrote
upon it, it has witnessed a great history, has
floated on high - the symbol of great events
and a great plan of life worked out by a great
people.
"Uncommon
Valor is a Common Virtue"
Felix
de Weldon, Sculptor
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